ABSTRACT
Viral hepatitis is an important public health problem in Brazil and around the world. To evaluate vaccination coverage against hepatitis B in adolescents and to identify the associated factors and reasons for non-adherence. A cross-sectional population-based study with sampling by clusters and in two stages, carried out from records of 702 adolescents aged 11 to 19 years old, non-institutionalized, living in an urban area of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2008/2009. The data were obtained from the Health Survey in the city of Campinas (ISACamp). The prevalence of vaccination (3 doses) was 72.2%. An independent and negative association with the vaccine was observed for the adolescents who were not born in the municipality. The orientation of a health care provider was positively and significantly associated with vaccination. The main reasons for non-adherence were the lack of orientation and not considering the vaccine necessary. Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors and conditions did not restrict the access to vaccination, but the coverage was below the target established by the Ministry of Health in Brazil. Health education programs, addressing the importance of vaccination to prevent the disease; strategies to actively reach out adolescents that did not complete the schedule; as well as orientation from the health care professional about the benefits of the vaccine to the adolescents, parents and guardians can extend the vaccination coverage.
As hepatites virais constituem importante problema de saúde pública no Brasil e em todo o mundo. Avaliar a cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B em adolescentes e identificar os fatores associados e motivos da não adesão. Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra por conglomerados e em 2 estágios realizado a partir de 702 registros de adolescentes com idade entre 11 e 19 anos, não institucionalizados, residentes em área urbana no município de Campinas, São Paulo, em 2008/2009. Os dados foram obtidos do Inquérito de Saúde no município de Campinas (ISACamp). A prevalência de vacinação (3 doses) foi de 72,2%. Associação independente e negativa com a vacina foi observada para os adolescentes não naturais do município. A orientação de profissional de saúde esteve positiva e fortemente associada à vacinação. Os principais motivos para a não adesão foram a falta de orientação e não considerar a vacina necessária. Condições socioeconômicas, comportamentos e condições de saúde não restringiram o acesso à vacinação, mas a cobertura esteve abaixo da meta estabelecida pelo Ministério da Saúde. Programas de educação em saúde, abordando a importância da vacinação na prevenção da doença, estratégias para busca ativa aos adolescentes que não completaram o esquema, bem como a orientação do profissional de saúde sobre os benefícios da vacina aos adolescentes, pais e responsáveis podem ampliar as coberturas vacinais.
Subject(s)
Humans , Autophagy/drug effects , Chloroquine/pharmacology , Oncogenes , ras Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Phagosomes/drug effects , Phagosomes/metabolism , /metabolismABSTRACT
Eared doves (Zenaida auriculata), which are common in urban, rural and wild areas in many regions of Brazil, are frequently prey for domestic cats. Therefore Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from doves may reflect greater environmental diversity than those from other hosts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate T. gondii seroprevalence, isolate and genotype strains from Z. auriculata. Serum and tissue samples were collected from 206 doves for use in the modified agglutination test (MAT) and mouse bioassay. The prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in the doves was 22.3% (46/206), with titers ranging from 16 to 4096, and T. gondii strains were isolated from 12 of these doves. Five genotypes were detected by means of PCR-RFLP, including ToxoDB genotypes #1, #6, #17 and #65, and one genotype that had not previously been described (ToxoDB#182). This was the first report on isolation of T. gondii from Z. auriculata. This study confirmed the genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates and the existence of clonal type II (ToxoDB genotype #1) in Brazil.
Pombos silvestres (Zenaida auriculata), comuns em áreas urbanas, rurais e selvagens em muitas regiões do Brasil, são frequentemente predados por gatos domésticos. Sendo assim, os isolados de T. gondii obtidos de pombos podem refletir uma maior diversidade ambiental do que os outros hospedeiros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a soroprevalência, isolar e genotipar T. gondii de Z. auriculata. Amostras de soro e tecido foram coletadas de 206 pombos para o teste de aglutinação modificado (MAT) e o bioensaio em camundongos. A prevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii em pombos foi 22,3% (46/206), com títulos variando de 16 a 4096, e T. gondii foi isolado de 12 pombos. Cinco genótipos foram detectados por PCR-RFLP, incluindo os genótipos ToxoDB #1, #6, #17, #65 e um genótipo não descrito anteriormente (ToxoDB#182). Esse é o primeiro relato de isolamento de T. gondii de Z. auriculata. Este estudo também confirmou a diversidade dos isolados de T. gondii e a presença de tipo clonal II (ToxoDB #1) no Brasil.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Iron/metabolism , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/pharmacology , Phagosomes/drug effects , Phagosomes/metabolism , Antigen-Antibody Complex/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Ferric Compounds/metabolism , Ferritins/metabolism , Mice, Knockout , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II , Nitric Oxide Synthase/deficiency , Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Transferrin/immunology , Transferrin/metabolismABSTRACT
Endothelial dysfunction is a major component of the pathophysiology of septicaemic group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections. Although cytokines have been shown to activate human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the capacity of interferon (IFN)-γ to enhance the microbicidal activity of HUVECs against GBS has not been studied. We report that the viability of intracellular bacteria was reduced in HUVECs activated by IFN-γ. Enhanced fusion of lysosomes with bacteria-containing vacuoles was observed by acid phosphatase and the colocalisation of Rab-5, Rab-7 and lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 with GBS in IFN-γ-activated HUVECs. IFN-γ resulted in an enhancement of the phagosome maturation process in HUVECs, improving the capacity to control the intracellular survival of GBS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/microbiology , Interferon-gamma/pharmacology , Microbial Viability/drug effects , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcus agalactiae/drug effects , Acid Phosphatase/metabolism , Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects , Endocytosis , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Lysosomes/drug effects , Primary Cell Culture , Phagosomes/drug effects , Survival Analysis , Streptococcal Infections/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates is a major characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The intracytoplasmic deposition of alpha-synuclein aggregates and Lewy bodies, often found in PD and other alpha-synucleinopathies, is thought to be linked to inefficient cellular clearance mechanisms, such as the proteasome and autophagy/lysosome pathways. The accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in neuronal cytoplasm causes numerous autonomous changes in neurons. However, it can also affect the neighboring cells through transcellular transmission of the aggregates. Indeed, a progressive spreading of Lewy pathology among brain regions has been hypothesized from autopsy studies. We tested whether inhibition of the autophagy/lysosome pathway in alpha-synuclein-expressing cells would increase the secretion of alpha-synuclein, subsequently affecting the alpha-synuclein deposition in and viability of neighboring cells. Our results demonstrated that autophagic inhibition, via both pharmacological and genetic methods, led to increased exocytosis of alpha-synuclein. In a mixed culture of alpha-synuclein-expressing donor cells with recipient cells, autophagic inhibition resulted in elevated transcellular alpha-synuclein transmission. This increase in protein transmission coincided with elevated apoptotic cell death in the recipient cells. These results suggest that the inefficient clearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates, which can be caused by reduced autophagic activity, leads to elevated alpha-synuclein exocytosis, thereby promoting alpha-synuclein deposition and cell death in neighboring neurons. This finding provides a potential link between autophagic dysfunction and the progressive spread of Lewy pathology.